FDA approves 1st new tuberculosis drug in 40 years

WASHINGTON (AP) ? The Food and Drug Administration on Monday approved a Johnson & Johnson tuberculosis drug that is the first new medicine to fight the deadly infection in more than four decades.

The agency approved J&J's pill, Sirturo, for use with older drugs to fight a hard-to-treat strain of tuberculosis that has not responded to other medications. However, the agency cautioned that the drug carries risks of potentially deadly heart problems and should be prescribed carefully by doctors.

Roughly one-third of the world's population is estimated to be infected with the bacteria causing tuberculosis. The disease is rare in the U.S., but kills about 1.4 million people a year worldwide. Of those, about 150,000 succumb to the increasingly common drug-resistant forms of the disease. About 60 percent of all cases are concentrated in China, India, Russia and Eastern Europe.

Sirturo, known chemically as bedaquiline, is the first medicine specifically designed for treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. That's a form of the disease that cannot be treated with at least two of the four primary antibiotics used for tuberculosis.

The standard drugs used to fight the disease were developed in the 1950s and 1960s.

"The antibiotics used to treat it have been around for at least 40 years and so the bacterium has become more and more resistant to what we have," said Chrispin Kambili, global medical affairs leader for J&J's Janssen division.

The drug carries a boxed warning indicating that it can interfere with the heart's electrical activity, potentially leading to fatal heart rhythms.

"Sirturo provides much-needed treatment for patients who have don't have other therapeutic options available," said Edward Cox, director of the FDA's antibacterial drugs office. "However, because the drug also carries some significant risks, doctors should make sure they use it appropriately and only in patients who don't have other treatment options."

Nine patients taking Sirturo died in company testing compared with two patients taking a placebo. Five of the deaths in the Sirturo group seemed to be related to tuberculosis, but no explanation was apparent for the remaining four.

Despite the deaths, the FDA approved the drug under its accelerated approval program, which allows the agency to clear innovative drugs based on promising preliminary results.

Last week, the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen criticized that approach, noting the drug's outstanding safety issues.

"The fact that bedaquiline is part of a new class of drug means that an increased level of scrutiny should be required for its approval," the group states. "But the FDA had not yet answered concerns related to unexplained increases in toxicity and death in patients getting the drug."

The FDA said it approved the drug based on two mid-stage studies enrolling 440 patients taking Sirturo. Both studies were designed to measure how long it takes patients to be free of tuberculosis.

Results from the first trial showed most patients taking Sirturo plus older drugs were cured after 83 days, compared with 125 days for those taking a placebo plus older drugs. The second study showed most Sirturo patients were cured after 57 days.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/bbd825583c8542898e6fa7d440b9febc/Article_2012-12-31-FDA%20Approval-Tuberculosis/id-90fbcbe7027a4e61a85dc5f8dc412397

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Pakistan militants kill 40 in execution, attack on Shiites

Naseer Ahmed / Reuters

Paramedics inspect the bodies of Shiite pilgrims killed by a car bomb in Quetta on Sunday.

By NBC News staff and wire services

QUETTA, Pakistan -?Pakistani militants, who have escalated attacks in recent weeks, killed at least 40 people in two separate incidents, officials said on Sunday, challenging assertions that military offensives have broken the back of hardline Islamist groups.

A car bomb exploded near a convoy of buses taking Shiite pilgrims to Iran, killing at least 19 people and wounding 30, officials told NBC News, the latest attack on the minority sect.?

Earlier Sunday, 21 tribal policemen believed to have been kidnapped by the Taliban were found shot dead in Pakistan's troubled northwest tribal region, government officials said.

Witnesses said the blast occurred as the three buses were overtaking a car about 35 miles west of Quetta, capital of sparsely populated Baluchistan province, site of many sectarian attacks, near the Iranian border.?

Pakistan has experienced a spike in killings over the last year by radical Sunni Muslims targeting Shiites who they consider heretics. The violence has been especially pronounced in Baluchistan province, where the latest attack occurred. ?

"The bus next to us caught on fire immediately," pilgrim Hussein Ali, 60, told Reuters. "We tried to save our companions but were driven back by the intensity of the heat."?

A second eyewitness said the bomber rushed by in a pick-up truck, swerved in front of the first bus and slammed on the brakes. The bus slammed into the pick-up truck and then a big explosion occurred.?

Photos: Blast in Karachi kills six, wounds 48

Akbar Durrani, Baluchistan's home secretary, told Reuters that rescue teams were trying to reach victims in the wreckage of the vehicles, one of which was still in flames some time after the attack. He said the death toll could rise.?

Fayaz Aziz / Reuters

A badly injured paramilitary soldier, who survived the shooting by Taliban militants, receives treatment at a hospital in Peshawar on Sunday.

At least 19 were killed in the attacks, and 30 wounded, according to government officials.?

A string of attacks on Shiites underscores the government's inability to crack down on groups promoting sectarian violence.?

Sectarian tensions
Shiites make up around 15 percent of Pakistan's 190 million people. They are scattered around the country, but the province of Baluchistan has the largest community, mainly made up of ethnic Hazaras, easily identified by their facial features which resemble those of Central Asians.

Pakistan's 'dynastic politics': Bhutto's son launches career

Sunni extremists have long carried out attacks against Shiites in Pakistan. But the sectarian campaign has stepped up in recent years, fueled mainly by the radical group Laskar-e-Jangvhi, aligned to Pakistani Taliban militants headquartered in the tribal region. More than 300 Shiites have been killed in Pakistan this year, according to Human Rights Watch.

The violence has pushed Baluchistan in particular deeper into chaos. The province was already facing an armed insurgency by ethnic Baluch separatists who frequently attack security forces and government facilities. But the secessionist violence has been overtaken by increasingly bold attacks against Shiites.?

Pakistan, Afghanistan share vision on Taliban

The sectarian bloodletting adds another layer to the turmoil in Pakistan, where the government is fighting an insurgency by the Pakistani Taliban and where many fear Sunni hardliners are gaining strength. Shiites and rights group say the government does little to protect Shiites and that militants are emboldened because they are believed to have links to Pakistan's intelligence agencies.?

Tribal policemen killed
The 21 tribal policemen who were shot dead were found by officials shortly after midnight Sunday in the Jabai area of Frontier Region Peshawar after being notified by one policeman who escaped, said Naveed Akbar Khan, a top political official in the area. Another policeman was found seriously wounded, said Khan.?

The 23 policemen went missing before dawn Thursday when militants armed with rocket-propelled grenades and automatic weapons attacked two posts in Frontier Region Peshawar. Two policemen were also killed in the attacks.?

After receiving threatening telephone calls warning they would regret helping the "infidel" campaign against polio, a group of woman, working on a UN-backed polio vaccination campaign, were shot and killed by gunmen a day after a similar slaying in Karachi. Ch4 Europe's Lindsey Hilsum reports. Warning: Some images maybe disturbing.

Militants lined the policemen up on a cricket pitch late Saturday night and gunned them down, said another local official who spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to talk to the media.?

Also Sunday, two Pakistani army soldiers were killed by a roadside bomb in the North Waziristan tribal area, the main sanctuary for Taliban and al-Qaida militants in the country, security officials said, speaking on condition of anonymity in line with official policy.?

NBC News'?Mushtaq Yusufzai,?The Associated Press and Reuters contributed to this report.

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Source: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/30/16247077-pakistan-militants-kill-40-in-mass-execution-attack-on-shiites?lite

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A Brief History of China's Music Industry ? Part 4: The Contemporary ...

The music industry of China is an unknown continent from a Western music business research perspective. Therefore it is very meritorious that John Fangjun Li, a lecturer and PhD candidate (2008-2012) at Macquarie University, provides one of the first overviews of the history of China?s music industry for an international readership. In a series of four blog contributions he highlights the development of the recorded music industry in more than 100 years from the final period of Imperial China to the current Peoples Republic of China. He gives an overview of the impact of Western major recorded music companies in the first half of the 20th century and of the emergence of serveral state operated but also privately owned Chinese companies after the Great Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing and other large cities. He also highlights the current digital music business in China that has been dominating the recorded music industry since the the mid 2000s.

In the fourth and final part of the series on China?s music industry, John Fangjun Li highlights the current situation in the recorded music industry in China, which is totally occupied by digital online and mobile music services.

Guest post by John Fangjun Li

This part highlights the brief history of the music industry in China in the 21^st century. Due to both the rapid spread, development and convergence of digital technologies related to computing, telecommunication and music, and the special preference and enthusiasm of Chinese people for new and popular technologies (Zhang, 2007), the progress of China?s digital music industry was almost similar to the Western countries (Sun, 2006; Chen, 2010). The digital music industry has sat center-stage in the music industry?s value chain and greatly influenced China?s music industry during the first decade of the century (ibid).

The online and mobile digital music market initially emerged in the Western countries during the mid-1980s and the early 1990s (Hayward, Orrock, 1995; Bozina, Dumancic and Knezevic, 2006; Tschmuck, 2006). However, digital technology and, in particular certain digital music business models (such as P2P file sharing), have greatly influenced China?s digital music industry in the 2000s (Li, 2006; Sun, 2006; Chen, 2011).

Telecommunication and computer companies have been engaged in China?s music industry in China since the late 1990s (Li and Morrow, 2012) by distributing and transmitting music in China on the Internet (ibid; Montgomery, 2010). Certain major digital music business firms were established and mainly developed the online music business in this period. The most representative firms were ?9sky? (9sky.com, 1999), the ?Wanwa? (wangwa.com, 2000), and the ?A8 Music Group? (a8.com, 2000), the ?163888? (163888.net/www.ifenbei.com/fenbei.me, 2003), ?Top100? (ju jing, top100.cn, 2005), the ?Alliance of Digital Music Distribution? (taijoy.com, 2005), ?Baidu MP3?, ?Kuro?s P2P?, and so on (Sun, 2006, 2007; Li, 2006).

?9Sky? and the ?A8 Music Group? were the first music companies that started their online music business in 1999 and mobile music business in 2000 respectively; these two years mark the emergence of the commercial online and mobile music business in China.

The convergence of telecommunication and computing with the music industry played an essential role in the digitalization of the music industry in China, especially in the recorded music sector. This intensive convergence process increased the complexity of the structures of China?s music industry compared to the 20^th century.

Thus, China?s digital music industry is faced by the serious problem of music piracy in the first decade of the 21^st century (Sun, 2009; Montgomery, 2010). Despite the presence of digital piracy, the value of digital music sales (mainly online and mobile music) reached 3.6 billion Yuan (approximately 57 million US dollars) and exceeded those of recorded music sales (such as CDs) in 2005 (Chen (2010) and Hu (2006)). The year 2005 is, therefore, also called ?The First Year of Digital Music? (ibid; Sun, 2006). Thus, the digital music industry played an essential and even leading role in China?s music industry since the 2000s, particularly after the mid-2000s.

The mobile music industry emerged in the early 2000s in China (Yao, 2007) ? slightly later than the online music business (Montgomery, 2010). The ?A8 Music Group? is one of the first music companies that have been involved in the mobile music business since 2001 (a8.com). Moreover, the ?Taihe Rye Music Firm? (TRMF) developed the business of polyphonic ring-tones in collaboration with the ?China Mobile Group? (CMG) in 2003 (Wang, 2012). The China mobile music web ?www.10086.cn? (formally named ?www.12530.com?) can be regarded as the largest online music store in China; it was established in 2009 and offers mobile ring-tones (Sun, 2006).

The ?Shanghai Synergy Culture and Entertainment Group? (?SSCEG?) also played an essential role for the development of China?s mobile music business. This industry group includes two of the leading record companies: the ?Shanghai Audio-Visual Press? and the ?Shanghai Audio-Visual Company?. Both are involved in the digital music industry, in particular in the mobile music business (Li and Morrow, 2012). According to Sun (2009), ?SSCEG? signed agreements with ?China Unicom?[1] and ?Sina.com?[2] to cooperate on digital music market in 2009.

Another remarkable development was the establishment of copyright agencies such as ?R2G?, which was established in 2003. This agency mainly adopted legal action against piracy and played an essential role in China?s digital music industry during the second half of the 2000s (The R2G, 2004-2009). According to Jin (2007), the three international major record companies, Sony Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group and Warner Music Group but also other international independent record companies charged ?Baidu? company for copyright infringing behavior of its users, but finally Baidu won this law case in 2006. However, the international majors also charged the operator of ?Yahoo China? ? the Alibaba Information Technology Co., LTD ? for copyright infringement and in this case they were successful (ibid).

More legal activities influenced China?s digital music industry during the 2000s. The ?Chinese Music Copyright Society?, the ?Chinese Audio-Visual Copyright Society?, and the ?International Federation of the Phonographic Industry? issued a joint statement in 2008 to oppose Baidu?s operations (Jin, 2010: 71). According to Li (2012) all these legal activities had positive impact on China?s digital music industry in the second half of the 2000s.

To sum up, despite a high level of file-sharing activity, the music industry in China, which has emerged in the late 1990s, took off in the mid-2000s due to a rapidly growing digital music market. A first step towards a domestic online music was the establishment of ?9Sky? in 1999. A year later the mobile music business emerged when the ?A8 Music Group? started its operations. In addition, the ?China Mobile Group? played a leading role in launching a sustainable mobile music market. Thus, the digital music industry can be regarded not only as an integrated industry but as the most rapidly growing and most important part of China?s music industry in the first decade of the 21^st century.

References:

Bozina, M.; Dumancic, K. and Knezevic, B. (2006). The Impact of Internet on IPR ? A Case Study of Music Industry in Croatia. Retrieved on December 12, 2011 from http://www.dime-eu.org/files/active/0/IPR-%20WORKING-PAPER-16_Bozina-et-al.pdf

Chen, J. (2010). The Annual Revenue of the Digital Music Industry Has 30 Billion Yuan (about 4.76 billion US dollars), the Content Provider Only Gets One Percent. Beijing Business Daily, on December 22, 2010.

Hayward, P. and Orrock, G. (1995). Window of Opportunity CD-ROMs, the International Music Industry and Early Australian Initiatives. Convergence, 1 (1), pp. 61-79.

Jin, H. (2006). Music Copyright Issue Caused by New Media. Western Chinese Science and Technology, (1).

Jin, W. (2010). Elementary Study on the Developmental Approach of China?s Digital Music Industry. The Journal of JiangxiFinanceCollege, 23 (1).

Li, F. (2010). A Study of the Research Activity of China?s Music Industry Since the Reform and Opening-Up and Some Other Related Issues. Huangzhong: Journal of Wuhan Conservatory of Music, (3), pp.12-23.

Li, S. (2006). The Digital Entertainment Industries. Sichuan, China:Sichuan University Press.

Li, X. (2006). The History of China?s Cultural Industries. Changsha, China: Hunan Art and Literature Press.

Li, F. (2012). China?s Music Industry: Evolution, Development and Convergence, PhD thesis at Macquarie University.

Li, F. and Morrow, G. (2012). Strategic Leadership in China?s Music Industry: A Case ?Study of the Shanghai Audio Visual Press. In the book ?Arts Leadership: International Case Studies?. Melbourne, Australia: Tilde University Press. August 2012.

Montgomery, L. (2010). China?s Creative Industries: Copyright, Social Network Market and the Business of Culture in a Digital Age. Glos, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Tschmuck, P. (2006). Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.

Sun, L. (2006). China Leapfrogs into a ?Digital Music Age?: International Recording Industry Giants Converge at Music Fair. Retrieved on 15 March 2011 from: http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia/2006-05/17/content_4555754.htm (in Chinese).

Sun, H. (2009). Shanghai Synery Group Cooperated With the Unicom and the Sina and Marched the Digital Music Industry. Chinese News Publishing Newspaper. Retrieved on December 23, 2010 from: http://www.chinaxwcb.com/xwcbpaper/html/2009-12/23/content_1782.htm.

Yao, C. (2007). A Prosperous Market of Wireless Music. Communicate Studies, 1 (28). Retrieved on October 25, 2011 from: http://www.huawei.com/publications/view.do?id=1621&cid=3162&pid=61.

Zhang, K. (2007). The Study of College Students? Internet Users? Conformity. Chinese Youth Research, (4).

John Fangjun Li is adjunct lecturer and PhD candidate (2008-2012) at Macquarie University, Sydney, Coordinator of the Australian-Chinese Music Industry Research Network, a member of IASPM (Aus-NZ). Previously he worked in Southern Cross University Australia (assistant researcher), Beijing Institute of Contemporary Music (head of the college of arts management), China Conservatory Music (associate professor), and Shanghai Synergy Cultural & Entertainment Group (music producer and marketing manager). He also obtained masters in arts management in Australia, masters in ethnomusicology, and a bachelor in music education in China. His main research interest areas are music industry, arts management, and creative industries. He published more than ten papers in international core journals and participated in some main international conferences in these areas. John Fangjun Li?s email: lifangjun17@gmail.com

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[1] ?China Unicom? is the second largest telecommunication company in the China.

[2] Sina.com is one of leading web portals in China.

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Source: http://musicbusinessresearch.wordpress.com/2012/12/30/a-brief-history-of-chinas-music-industry-part-4-the-contemporary-digital-music-industry-in-china/

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Jellyfish experts show increased blooms are a consequence of periodic global fluctuations

Dec. 31, 2012 ? Blooms, or proliferations, of jellyfish can show a substantial, visible impact on coastal populations -- clogged nets for fishermen, stinging waters for tourists, even choked cooling intake pipes for power plants -- and recent media reports have created a perception that the world's oceans are experiencing trending increases in jellyfish. Now, a new multinational collaborative study, involving the University of Southampton, suggests these trends may be overstated, finding that there is no robust evidence for a global increase in jellyfish over the past two centuries.

The results of the study, which includes lead co-author Dr Cathy Lucas, a marine biologist at the University of Southampton, appear in the latest issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The key finding of the study shows global jellyfish populations undergo concurrent fluctuations with successive decadal periods of rise and fall, including a rising phase in the 1990s and early 2000s that has contributed to the current perception of a global increase in jellyfish abundance. The previous period of high jellyfish numbers during the 1970s went unnoticed due to limited research on jellyfish at the time, less awareness of global-scale problems and a lower capacity for information sharing (e.g. no Internet).

While there has been no increase over the long-term, the authors detected a hint of a slight increase in jellyfish since 1970, although this trend was countered by the observation that there was no difference in the proportion of increasing vs. decreasing jellyfish populations over time.

Dr Cathy Lucas, who is based at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, says: "Sustained monitoring is now required over the next decade to shed light with statistical confidence whether the weak increasing linear trend in jellyfish populations after 1970 is an actual shift in the baseline or part of a larger oscillation."

To date, media and scientific opinion for the current perception of a global increase in jellyfish was evidenced by a few local and regional case studies. Although there are areas where jellyfish have increased; the situation with the Giant Jellyfish in Japan and parts of the Mediterranean are classic examples, there are also areas where jellyfish numbers have remained stable, fluctuated over decadal periods, or actually decreased over time.

Increased speculation and discrepancies about current and future jellyfish blooms by the media and in climate and science reports formed the motivation for the study. "There are major consequences for getting the answer correct for tourism, fisheries and management decisions as they relate to climate change and changing ocean environments," says Dr Lucas. "The important aspect about our work is that we have provided the long-term baseline backed with all data available to science, which will enable scientists to build on and eventually repeat these analyses in a decade or two from now to determine whether there has been a real increase in jellyfish."

"The realisation that jellyfish synchronously rise and fall around the world should now lead researchers to search for the long-term natural and climate drivers of jellyfish populations, in addition to begin monitoring jellyfish in open ocean and Southern Hemisphere regions that are underrepresented in our analyses," says lead author Dr Rob Condon, marine scientist at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab (DISL) in Alabama.

Given the potential damage posed by jellyfish blooms to fisheries, tourism and other human industries, the findings of the group foretell recurrent phases of rise and fall in jellyfish populations that society should be prepared to face.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Southampton, via AlphaGalileo.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Robert H. Condon, Carlos M. Duarte, Kylie A. Pitt, Kelly L. Robinson, Cathy H. Lucas, Kelly R. Sutherland, Hermes W. Mianzan, Molly Bogeberg, Jennifer E. Purcell, Mary Beth Decker, Shin-ichi Uye, Laurence P. Madin, Richard D. Brodeur, Steven H. D. Haddock, Alenka Malej, Gregory D. Parry, Elena Eriksen, Javier Qui?ones, Marcelo Acha, Michel Harvey, James M. Arthur, and William M. Graham. Recurrent jellyfish blooms are a consequence of global oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210920110

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/YmN_P5tPyko/121231180617.htm

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Online marketing is falling over themselves trying to shift dollars from offline to internet marketing. In my opinion the idea is that network marketing can give them better to lessen the U.S. dollar inside a tight economic returns. While it is certainly a solid strategy for mobile Internet, it pays to place it a little thought, the very first: Verify your infrastructure. Offline dollars inside your proceed to online, to actually can actually make use of all from the online customer support. Do you have instead of? You will soon adjust the website landing page and website copy? No sense, should you put in to transmit visitors to a website, sucking money online advertising. If you are from offline to online money like fourteen days to generate a 5:1 return, lowering the Prozac and think twice to come back. The biggest mistake their budget, the company's transformation, is that they think this can be a line 'run and do' things. Marketers as well as their bosses think they are able to produce a website landing page or start a PPC campaign, and then forget about it for a month. And this cycle works in print or television, it will not work online. Line is highly, highly repetitive, and requires constant attention. So you save lots of advertising money into the labor force.

Characteristics of network marketing is definitely a good start online market, but when you do not know how to drive traffic towards your website, this stuff will be wasted.

Search Engine Optimization Senior Account Manager applicants should have at least the search engine optimization, backlink building, PPC 3 years of experience, and may hit the ground running. Intelligence and skill to work proactively without supervision is necessary, you should be able to work on project management software. You also must be in a position to contact customers the greatest level of search engine optimization. Sales useful, although not necessary, because this ability may be the main strategy and client management role. We're a little busy Swiss institutions and roll-up their sleeves and complete the work is essential. The way you work, we're very flexible, but this is a full-time position at our headquarters in Bristol, England, Bristol in the united kingdom which means you must be near or on, for example bathing, Swindon, Chelten Burnham, Gloucester.

Internet online marketing experts based in the blog, webmaster forums an internet-based publications. com, where one can find out about the latest Google updates the brand new method can make money website. Acetylcholine maravilla may be the President and Ceo powerhomebiz. One on entrepreneurship, in order to step-by-step information.

Online marketing is just too numerous to say in the following paragraphs. Should you connect to the Internet value-added services, web savvy, you will notice how much of this marketing can increase your business type.

Multilevel marketing is online marketing, network marketing, multilevel marketing. Internet marketing is very important, but the madness of growth with social media, I strongly recommend listening skills would be to know how to do twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Many marketing media, counting on the 3 to consider home the bacon only. Your building is really a large list of network marketing, an essential element of success. List building simply means that a user list, you are able to communicate regularly via e-mail. To be able to start building a listing, you first need to establish what is called a capture page. Pages, these potential customers will be inspired to provide some free gifts, to share their names and e-mail. It can be a free report, e-books, video or presentation software. Many merchants offer free electronic can receive daily early bird tips and notifications.

In the current competitive (and noise) market, we must combine all of the right online marketing tools, to produce a truly effective and comprehensive program. All, obviously, is up and round the central site, but to produce opportunities, improve customer response, increased brand awareness, the site of the network via a comprehensive marketing strategy, including search engine optimization, PPC, social networking tools to aid marketing, and so forth.

Affiliate Marketing Resources

Linked multilevel marketing ideas and technology and business strategy design, development, Web advertising and marketing. Search engine marketing, email marketing, display advertising, affiliate marketing, banner advertising, blog marketing, banner advertising, viral marketing. Online marketing may be the media running across the different stages of customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing techniques, seo in a specific site, e-mail marketing and Web 2, banner advertising. Multilevel marketing has become more and more organizations use to advertise the network media key and very effective. 'The establishment of the website' or 'promotion site' may be the foundation, although not the foundation of multilevel marketing.

Source: http://cltad-web.arts.ac.uk/dev/mike/mediawiki/index.php/User%3ALaureneGodsey72

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Going, going ... 5 signs the personal computer may be on the way ...

An attendee looks at the MacBook Pro on display at the Apple Developers Conference in San Francisco. New iPhones were among the highlights at Apple Inc.'s conference for software developers.

Keyboards? Mice? Disc drives? It may be time to pull the plugs, experts say.

After decades of monopolizing the home computing experience, the desktop PC could be on the way out. Technology experts say the rise of "second screen" devices such as smartphones and tablets represents a fundamental shift toward a "post-PC" or "PC plus" era.

In an entry to his blog Tech Broiler, ZDNet Senior Technology Editor Jason Perlow predicted that, within a decade, less than 10 percent of the current PC-using population will still require a desktop computer.

For the foreseeable future, experts say, some functions will continue to require a traditional computer, but for basic tasks, users increasingly are picking up other devices.

A purely post-PC world has not arrived, but here are five signs it is on the way.

1 THE CLOUD

Many experts say one of the most definitive signs of post-PC's arrival is the increase in the number of cloud computing services.

Using a website or a program installed on a computer, a cloud offloads the labor of running an application from the user's computer to a server to which they connect, usually via the Internet. The benefits of cloud services include reduced demand on the user's own computer hardware, automatically updated content and the ability to access files across multiple devices -- PC, smartphone, tablet -- anywhere there is an online connection.

Via a cloud, users can manage event calendars between devices, continue streaming a film on a smart TV that they started on their tablet or upload and share pictures between a smart phone and a PC.

Popular clouds include multimedia streaming services such as Netflix, Hulu, Spotify and OnLive, online file hosts such as Google Drive and Dropbox and web-based email providers such as Gmail and Hotmail. Google and Microsoft each have launched cloud-based productivity software suites built on subscription models: Microsoft 365 and Google Apps, respectively.

When he returned from sick leave to introduce Apple's iCloud service at the 2011 Worldwide Developers Conference, late CEO Steve Jobs suggested cloud computing was the next leap forward.

"We think this solution is our next big insight, which is that we're going to demote the PC or Mac to being just another device," Jobs said. "[We] will move the hub, the center of your digital life, into the cloud."

Some companies are building hardware entirely around a cloud-based experience. In 2011, Acer and Samsung began manufacturing Chromebooks, notebook computers based on Google's cloud-based operating system: Chrome. Because they access applications online rather than off a hard drive, Chromebooks feature small hard drives, slower processors and require an Internet connection for full functionality but also are correspondingly cheaper than traditional laptops.

2 PC SALES SLUMP This year has been especially tough for PC manufacturers. In an Oct. 10 story citing market researchers International Data Corp. and Gartner Inc., The Associated Press reports that third-quarter global PC sales fell by about 8.5 percent.

For the same period, Dell reported a 47 percent slump, and Hewlett-Packard's $8.9 billion loss was the worst in the company's 73-year history. In its October report, International Data Corp. also predicts PC shipments in 2012 likely will represent the first annual decline since 2001.

Most industry analysts blame the sluggish sales, in part, on the rising popularity of tablets and smartphones. During the third quarter, worldwide tablet and smart phone sales rose by 43 and 47 percent, respectively, from 2011, according to estimates by research firms Strategy Analytics and Gartner.

That growth is expected to accelerate. In a February forecast of the mobile market, Transparency Market Research predicted that, by 2015, annual smartphone sales would more than double 2011 numbers to reach 1 billion units. The same report suggests tablet sales in 2015 would more than triple to reach 282 million units.

In an Aug. 24 story on Wired.com, author Marcus Wohlsen says the steady decline of PC sales since 2007 is not a slump, which indicates a potential for bouncing back, but a sign of traditional PCs' obsolescence.

"The PC market may not have that well of potential waiting to be reborn," Wohlsen writes. "Does anyone expect some near-future radical innovation to come along and rescue the traditional PC from increasing irrelevance?"

3 CONVERGENCE

With the approach of the post-PC era, the line between a desktop PC and other devices is becoming increasingly blurry.

Traditionally, the computing experience was tied to a single location in the home -- wherever the computer was. In the post-PC era, however, a similar experience can be had on multiple devices, from an Internet-connected TV in the family room to a smartphone in a pocket.

"'Post-PC' means that you don't have to sit in one spot," says Dan Thompson, manager of product development at Claris Networks, an information technology support provider with offices in Chattanooga, Knoxville and Nashville.

"Now, the PC lives many places," he continues. "It doesn't stay in one place anymore."

Hardware and software designers are seeking ways to welcome the PC into the living room.

Earlier this year, Dell subsidiary Alienware introduced the X51, a small-case gaming PC with a video game console-like shape designed to help it fit seamlessly into entertainment centers. Similarly, the "Big Picture" function added earlier this month to the cloud-based service Steam lets PC gamers access their content via a console-like interface navigated by a game controller instead of a mouse and keyboard.

TVs similarly are borrowing from the PCs. Internet-connected smart TVs and set-top boxes such as Roku, Apple TV and Boxee Box provide access to services also offered on computers, such as social networking, web browsing and multimedia streaming services.

According to a Sept. 26 survey by market researcher The NPD Group, about 10 percent of American homes have Internet-connected TVs. The same report says that, for the first time ever, the TV has overtaken the PC as the most popular device for watching online video content at home.

Post-PC convergence also includes interaction between companion devices. The Apple TV allows users to stream the display of an iPhone or iPad onto an HDTV, a feature Google reportedly is seeking to replicate in its devices. Microsoft is pursuing a similar function with SmartGlass, which allows a smartphone or tablet to interact with the Xbox 360 game console by navigating menus and accessing supplementary information about movies, TV shows and games.

4 NO MORE DISCS

After decades of delivering content to computer users via floppy discs, CDs, DVDs and other physical media, many companies now are starting to rely exclusively on digital channels. As a result, manufacturers are beginning to remove physical drives from their latest computers.

Apple drew fire from critics around the world in 2008 when its new MacBook Air ultra-slim notebook debuted without a built-in DVD or CD drive. Since then, the company has continued the trend by also removing disc drives from the latest editions of the iMac and MacBook.

Similar to the removal of the then-outmoded floppy drive from the original iMac in 1998, Apple saw the writing on the wall, and other companies since have followed suit.

Many of Intel's Ultrabook-branded laptops, similar to the MacBook Air and Google's Chromebook, are too slim to accommodate a disc drive. According to August reports in the Japanese-language newspaper Asahi Shumbun, Sony plans in March to shutter Optiarc Inc., its division for making PC optical drives.

In October, Apple marketing chief Phil Schiller explained the decision to move away from physical discs in an interview with Time Magazine, saying: "These old technologies are holding us back. They're anchors on where we want to go. ... We try to find better solutions."

5 JUST A TOUCH

For decades, the only means of navigating a computer was a keyboard and a pointer device such as a mouse or touchpad. With the shift to a post-PC era, however, users now have 10 more options at their disposal: their fingers.

With the release of OS X Lion, the eighth version of its operating system, Apple borrowed many design elements from the iOS system used in its mobile devices, including new multitouch gestures, the Mac App Store and an iPad-like desktop and file organization system.

On Oct. 26, however, Microsoft took touch integration on PCs to a new level with the release of Windows 8.

The newest version of the world's most popular operating system is a dramatic departure from previous versions, due in large part to being designed from the ground up for simultaneous use on traditional desktops and touchscreen tablets, such as Microsoft's new line of Surface devices.

Although Windows 8 still can be navigated using a mouse and keyboard, the announcement of a shift to a touch-based interface led hardware manufacturers to install touch screens in many of the recently released Windows 8-equipped desktop PCs and notebooks. Some of the latter feature removable or reversible screens that essentially turn them into hybrid tablet-a-likes.

In a Nov. 1 article on CNET, Mike Feibus, a principal analyst of Scottsdale, Ariz.-based TechKnowledge Strategies, says Microsoft's melding of tablet-like interfaces with traditional PCs is a game changer for post-PC computing.

"Touch is as big an addition as the mouse was more than 20 years ago," Feibus says. "For many tasks, it's a better way to interact with the PC. Everything is different from here on out."

Source: http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2012/dec/30/going-going-5-signs-the-personal-Computer-may-be-o/

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Clerks 3: Coming in 2014!

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2012/12/clerks-3-coming-in-2014/

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